UDI, ingelesez
A unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) is a formal process leading to the establishment of a new state by a subnational entity which declares itself independent and sovereign without a formal agreement with the state from which it is seceding.
Unilateral declaration of independence – Wikipedia
| Date | Declared state | Parent | International recognition | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1776 |  United States |
 Great Britain |
Yes | |
| 1777 | Vermont | Great Britain |
Yes | Vermont signed a separate armistice with Britain in 1781 before the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Effective retroactive recognition by the United States was granted in 1791 when Vermont became the 14th state. |
| 1816 |  Rio de la Plata |
 Spain |
Yes after the military victory | Division and dismembration of the independent country. Paraguay secession. Brazil invaded Uruguay. Spain recognized the Argentine Independence in 1859 |
| 1821 |  Greece |
 Ottoman Empire |
Yes | Intervention by France, Russia, and the United Kingdom in favour of Greece in the Greek War of Independence secured its independence in 1832. |
| 1830 |  Belgium |
 United Netherlands |
Yes | UDI (4 October 1830) recognized by the major European powers following the London Conference of 20 December 1830 |
| 1898 |  Philippines |
Spain |
No | Conquered by United States; became independent in 1946 by agreement |
| 1912 |  Albania |
Ottoman Empire |
Yes | |
| 1919 |  Irish Republic |
 United Kingdom |
Yes | |
| 1922 |  Kingdom of Egypt |
United Kingdom |
Yes | Unilateral grant of independence by the British government |
| 1945 |  Indonesia |
Netherlands |
Partial | |
| 1960 |  Katanga |
 Republic of the Congo |
No | Breakaway Congolese province, secession forcibly ended by the United Nations Operation in the Congo in 1963. |
| 1965 |  Rhodesia |
United Kingdom |
No | Self-governing British colony, unilaterally declared itself independent as Rhodesia in 1965, renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1979, then gained international recognition as Zimbabwe in 1980. |
| 1967 |  Anguilla |
United Kingdom |
No | Returned as a British Crown Colony in 1969. |
| 1967 |  Biafra |
 Nigeria |
No | Present-day Nigeria |
| 1971 |  Bangladesh |
 Pakistan |
Yes | |
| 1975 |  Cabinda |
 Angola |
No | Present-day Angola |
| 1975 |  East Timor |
 Portugal |
No | Shortly following the declaration of independence, the territory was invasion and annexation by Indonesia.[6][7] A referendum in 1999 led to eventual independence in 2002.[8] |
| 1983 |  Northern Cyprus |
 Cyprus |
No | Still claimed by Cyprus |
| 1988 |  Palestine |
 Israel |
Partial | Claims territories occupied by Israel since 1967 Israeli–Palestinian conflict and peace process still ongoing See International recognition of the State of Palestine |
| 1990 |  Transnistria |
 Moldova |
No | Still claimed by Moldova |
| 1990 |  Karakalpakstan |
 Uzbekistan |
No | Incorporated into Uzbekistan in 1993.[9] |
| 1991 |  Somaliland |
 Somalia |
No | Still claimed by Somalia |
| 1991 |  Croatia |
 Yugoslavia |
Yes | Set off Croatian War of Independence |
| 1991 |  Slovenia |
Yugoslavia |
Yes | Set off Ten-Days War |
| 1992 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
Yugoslavia |
Yes | Set off Bosnian War |
| 1991 |  Republic of Ichkeria |
 Russia |
No | Present-day Chechen Republic, part of Russia |
| 1991 |  Nagorno-Karabakh |
 Azerbaijan |
No | Still claimed by Azerbaijan |
| 1991 |  South Ossetia |
 Georgia |
No | Still claimed by Georgia |
| 1999 |  Abkhazia |
Georgia |
No | Still claimed by Georgia |
| 2008 |  Kosovo |
 Serbia |
Partial | Still claimed by Serbia A United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) resolution adopted on 8 October 2008 backed the request of Serbia to seek an International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo’s declaration of independence.[10] On 22 July 2010, the ICJ ruled that the declaration of independence of Kosovo “did not violate any applicable rule of international law”, because its authors, who were “representatives of the people of Kosovo”, were not bound by the Constitutional Framework (promulgated by UNMIK) or by UNSCR 1244 that is addressed only to United Nations Member States and organs of the United Nations.[11][12] See International recognition of Kosovo |
| 2014 |  Crimea |
 Ukraine |
No | Annexed by Russia; still claimed by Ukraine |
| 2017 |  Catalonia |
 Spain |
No | Spain sovereignty remained unchanged |
Legal aspects
[12] Accordance with international law of the unilateral declaration of independence in respect of Kosoco Archived 23 July 2010 at WebCite, International Court of Justice, 22 July 2010: https://www.webcitation.org/5rRB9e3bz?url=http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/141/15987.pdf
V. GENERAL CONCLUSION
122. The Court has concluded above that the adoption of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not violate general international law, Security Council resolution 1244 (1999) or the Constitutional Framework. Consequently the adoption of that declaration did not violate any applicable rule of international law.
Gehigarriak
Independentzia: botoen %50 + 1
Autodeterminazioa eta Independentziaren Aldarrikapen Unilaterala (IAU)
