From the River to the Sea: Ibaitik Itsasora (142)

Ibaitik Itsasora

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Bideoa: https://x.com/i/status/1887980771178070396

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Sulaiman Ahmed@ShaykhSulaiman

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Alfred de Zayas@Alfreddezayas

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Anadolu English@anadoluagency

Alfred de Zayas@Alfreddezayas

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COUNTERPUNCH: The Tianjin Summit and the Hope for a More Just International Order

(https://dezayasalfred.wordpress.com/2025/09/05/counterpunch-the-tianjin-summit-and-the-hope-for-a-more-just-international-order/)

Alfred de Zayas, September 5, 2025

Geneva.

On 1 September 2025, in Tianjin, China, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) concluded its 25th summit, with the participation of UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres, numerous chiefs of international organizations, ASEAN Secretary-General Kao Kim Hourn, Commonwealth of Independent States General Secretary Sergey Lebedev, and the Presidents or Prime Ministers of 24 States including Egypt, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Russia and Turkey. 

The highlight of the summit was the Global Governance Initiative (GGI) outlined by Chinese President Xi Jinping, in reaffirmation of the  aspirations of the “Global Majority” for an inclusive and balanced world order based on the continued validity of the UN Charter. President Xi Jinping’s five principles for a just and equitable global governance are aimed at guaranteeing a security architecture for all, a multilateral framework to promote world peace and prosperity for future generations.  In brief, “ First, we should adhere to sovereign equality.  Second, we should abide by international rule of law. Third, we should practice multilateralism. Fourth, we should advocate the people-cantered approach. Fifth, we should focus on taking real actions.”

If nothing else, this summit proved that the unipolar world championed by the United States, the neo-colonial habits of the Europeans, the mindset associated with Rudyard Kipling’s “White Man’s Burden”, have no future.  A reality check confirms that we have moved into a multipolar scenario where global issues will have to be addressed multilaterally.

80 Years United Nations

The international community in the year 2025, eighty years after the adoption of the UN Charter, is facing dauting challenges in global governance. The erosion of the authority of the United Nations, its failure to prevent wars, to stop the genocide in Gaza, to effectively manage the challenges of climate change, manifest the need to enhance the UN’s enforcement powers.  Not only the UN itself, but other UN agencies and associated organizations including the World Trade Organization suffer from a lack of enforcements mechanisms.  Because the world of 2025 is not the world of 1945, it is evident that the United Nations and its agencies must become more representative of today’s world and that the developing countries, what we may call the “Global Majority” must have a decisive voice in global governance.  The UN and in particular the UN Security Council must be reformed to ensure the equitable representation of all States members.

Global governance requires uniform rules, not “international law à la carte”, requires a rules based order — already laid down in the UN Charter, the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, the Geneva Red Cross Conventions, the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, and hundreds of other conventions, protocols and declarations.  The United Nations has made a superlative job of standard-setting, has established monitoring mechanisms, expert committees, Special Procedures, and international judicial instances.  Alas, there is a glaring implementation gap, because the drafters of the United Nations Charter did not establish a system for the effective enforcement of international norms.

Authority and credibility of the UN

The authority and credibility of the United Nations Organization has been significantly weakened by the gross violations of the UN Charter committed by UN member states, including permanent members of the Security Council.  Judgements, Orders and Advisory Opinions of the International Court of Justice are ignored by numerous countries, notably the United States and the European countries.  Unilateral coercive measures are imposed on judges of the International Criminal Court in complete rebellion against international judicial ethos.  Other gross violations of international law include the bombardment of Yugoslavia in 1999 by NATO countries, in contravention of article 2(4) of the UN Charter.  Although the matter was brought to the International Court of Justice by Serbia and Montenegro, the ICJ failed to exercise jurisdiction and make a clear finding that NATO bombardments without UN approval constituted “international wrongful acts” within the meaning of the 2001 Draft Code on State Responsibility; further, that the victims were entitled to recourse and remedy, according to the principle ubi ius, ibi remedium.  The sovereignty and the territorial integrity of Yugoslavia were deliberately dismantled.  The ICJ failed not only the people of Yugoslavia but also humanity at large, because a fateful “precedent of permissibility” was established, a culture of impunity that facilitated subsequent NATO aggressions and crimes in Afghanistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, etc.  The 2003 invasion and devastation of Iraq by the US and the “coalition of the willing” was duly qualified by the then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan as an “illegal war”, but no one was ever held accountable, and the Western mainstream media largely went along with and applauded the outlawry of the “coalition of the willing”. 

It was, in a very real sense, a revolt against international law and international morals, committed not by “the usual suspects”, but by those states who proclaim to be the defenders of the rule of law and human rights.  Among the outlaws were the leaders of the United States, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom, Spain and Italy.  Instead of defending peace and reaffirming the sovereign equality of states, NATO countries embraced the imperialistic “regime change” modus and brazenly proclaimed the triumphalist view of Francis Fukuyama of The End of History and the “victory” of the West over the rest of the world.  

This Pax Americana was and is wholly incompatible with the UN Charter, which promotes multilateralism and rejects the neo-colonial animus dominandi, the pretence to full-spectrum dominance over the world.  Of course, the American world order is in the tradition of British Imperialism, the two Opium Wars of the 19th century (which the Chinese never forgot nor forgave), of the criminal exploitation and spoliation of Africa and Asia by the European colonial powers.  In the American and European world order, there is no room for apologies and reparation for the crimes committed in the name of “civilization”.  Hitherto the world order imposed by the United States on the rest of the world has relied on brutal force, bullying, and blackmailing.  The prevailing mantra remains “might is right” – and what the Romans called vae victis.  It is this imperial mindset that leads to the tragedies of Libya, Syria, Ukraine and Palestine.  That is yet another reason why the alternative Chinese Global Governance Initiative appears so attractive.

Equitable Global Governance

A just and equitable global governance would bring the aspiration of all human beings to live together in peace closer to reality.  It would advance the slogan of the International Peace Bureau “Disarmament for Development” and enable the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.  An equitable global governance would mean the recognition and acceptance of the equal dignity of all members of the human family,  the celebration of the rich diversity of world civilizations in the sense of the UNESCO Constitution. 

Personally, I have always believed in law as an expression of civilization, as a condition to exercising civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.  The UN Charter is the only internationally recognized rules based order, and it is still an indispensable guide for all 193 UN member states, as well as for observer states and peoples who aspire to membership. 

Currently there are many commissions and committees looking at various models of UN reform. In my capacity as UN independent expert on international order (2012-18) I produced 14 reports for the UN General Assembly and the Human Rights Council and formulated 25 Principles of International Order.  I made concrete, pragmatic, implementable recommendations to reform the UN system, but hitherto there has been no follow-up.  I developed my concerns in my “human rights trilogy” – three books devoted to advancing the cause of international law, human rights and the right to international solidarity.

The most noble function of the United Nations remains the prevention on conflict and the maintenance of peace. Alas, over the past thirty years we are witnessing a relentless attack on the fundamentals of international law, the deliberate breach of international treaties (pacta sunt servanda, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Art. 26) the violation of binding orders by the International Court of Justice, the imposition of unilateral coercive measures on members of the International Criminal Court.  The most important tenets of international law are being violated by countries belonging to the “collective West” who pretend to impose their will on the rest of the world, including by imposing illegal – and lethal — unilateral coercive measures and imposing tariffs that violate the very essence of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the WTO treaty.

This rebellion against international law and morals augurs badly for world peace, stability and prosperity.  The world is not at peace – we are witnessing an ongoing genocide against the People of Palestine, we are witnessing the brutal bombardment of civilian targets, hospitals, schools, mosques, the deliberate starvation of the Gaza population.   Hitherto the United Nations and the International Court of Justice have not been able to stop the genocide, have not been able to provide meaningful assistance to the starving people of Palestine.  The much tooted doctrine of “Responsibility to Protect” (General Assembly resolution 60/1 paragraphs 138-139) has been abandoned by the very states who launched it.  Indeed, if there was a case for R2P, it is the protection of the Palestinians!

China’s geopolitical evolution

In recent years, China has put forward a series of new ideas and initiatives in the field of global governance, including the vision of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits, multilateralism, and strict adherence to the sanctity of treaties and the rule of international law

Whether our think tanks acknowledge it or not, China has emerged as a major player in international affairs, and it enjoys a level of trust and credibility that the United States has squandered over the past decades. China’s contributions in the field of global governance are being taken seriously by numerous academics and discussed in many universities.  Alas, the government “elites” in the West have an irrational fear of China and have assigned the role of “enemy” to China.  The relentless demonization of China and its leaders hurts us more than it hurts China, and actually amounts to a form of “hate speech”, in violation of article 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

China’s initiatives for Peace in Ukraine were neutral, just and realistic. Yet, in a world in which the US hegemon does not want to share power, the Chinese and African Proposals have fallen on deaf ears.  I myself also endeavoured to craft a blueprint for peace in Ukraine, which was largely ignored.

The Tianjin Summit has again demonstrated that China and the “Global Majority” want peace and a democratization of the United Nations so as to be able to achieve an equitable  global governance.  The Tianjin Summit follows up on the BRICS declarations, including the 2024 Kazan Declaration and the 2025 Rio de Janeiro Declaration.  BRICS represents the best hope for humanity, to craft a multilateral system for win-win cooperation instead of lose-lose confrontation. As of September 2025, the BRICS grouping accounts for over 45% of global GDP (nominal) and over 50% at PPP.  BRICS represents more than half of the world’s population, and controls significant shares of global energy reserves, industrial capacity, and critical mineral resources.  The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative also bears considerable promise for the future of Asia, Africa – and maybe Europe as well.

It is also worth mentioning that in November 2025 the Second Summit for Sustainable Development will be held in Doha, Qatar.  It is expected that China, India and the developing countries will significantly contribute to its success.  Alas, the earlier UN Summit of the Future and the UN Pact for the Future appear to be a random collection of pious goals that could only bring peace and justice if equipped with credible enforcement mechanisms.

As professor of international law, I take seriously the Global Governance Initiative (GGI) proposed by President Xi Jinping  at the “Shanghai Cooperation Organization Plus” Meeting in Tianjin.  Indeed, it is crucial to continue working with all countries for a more just and equitable global governance system in order to advance toward a community with a shared future for humanity. 

Alfred de Zayas is a law professor at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and served as a UN Independent Expert on International Order 2012-18. He is the author of twelve books including “Building a Just World Order” (2021) “Countering Mainstream Narratives” 2022, and “The Human Rights Industry” (Clarity Press, 2021).

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Chinese Embassy in Switzerland@ChinaEmbinCH

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COUNTERPUNCH: Action by the 80th Session of the UN General Assembly to Stop the Genocide of Palestinians

(https://dezayasalfred.wordpress.com/2025/09/09/counterpunch-action-by-the-80th-session-of-the-un-general-assembly-to-stop-the-genocide-of-palestinians/)

By Alfred de Zayas, September 9, 2025

Photograph Source: Patrick Gruban – CC BY-SA 2.0

Geneva.

On 9 September 2025, the 80th session of the UN General Assembly opens amidst growing threats to international peace and security, particularly in the Middle East, where a genocide against the Palestinian people is being committed by Israel, with the complicity of the United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany and other countries that continue to give military, economic, political, diplomatic and propagandistic support to the genocidal State. This must stop.  The GA must call for an immediate arms embargo and adopt pertinent resolutions on the “Uniting for Peace”  precedents.

Since December 2023 the International Court of Justice is seized of the case South Africa v. Israel, which seeks to prove that Israel’s actions constitute genocide within the meaning of the 1948 Genocide Convention and to fix the civil and criminal responsibility of Israeli leaders.  There is no doubt that the ICJ will make the pertinent findings, which will have to be consistent with its prior jurisprudence on matters of genocide. The ongoing Nakba against the Palestinian surpasses previous instances of genocide brought before the World Court.

On 19 July 2024, the ICJ issued an Advisory Opinion declaring “that the State of Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory is unlawful”, “that the State of Israel is under an obligation to bring to an end its unlawful presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory “, that “that the State of Israel is under an obligation to cease immediately all new settlement activities, and to evacuate all settlers from the Occupied Palestinian Territory”, and that “the State of Israel has the obligation to make reparation for the damage caused to all the natural or legal persons concerned in the Occupied Palestinian Territory”.  In the same spirit, the International Criminal Court issued warrants for the arrest of Benjamin Netanyahu and his former Minister of War Yoav Gallant on 21 November 2024.  To this day, neither has been arrested and brought to the Hague.

Pursuant to article 2(2) of the Charter, all UN Member states must “fulfil in good faith the obligations assumed by them in accordance with the present Charter”.  Pursuant to Article 2(5), they must “give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the present Charter”.  Pursuant to Art. 94, member states are obliged to “comply with the decision of the International Court of Justice in any case to which it is a party.”

Hitherto Israel has refused to comply with pertinent ICJ orders and with the specific findings contained in the Advisory Opinions of 9 July 2004 and 19 July 2024. This behaviour constitutes a serious challenge not only to the ICJ but to the United Nations Organization itself.  Accordingly, the General Assembly is obliged legally and morally to take appropriate measures to stop the genocide and thus restore its authority and credibility. 

International non-governmental organizations and civil society are calling upon the General Assembly to follow-up on the resolution adopted on 18 September 2024 by the Tenth Emergency Special Session of the General Assembly, demanding that Israel end its unlawful presence in occupied Palestine Territory “within one year” .  In its Resolution ES-10-24 the General Assembly:

“Confirms its determination to examine further practical ways and means to secure the full respect of the advisory opinion and the full implementation of all relevant United Nations resolutions, notably in case of non-compliance; 16. Urges all States, the United Nations and its specialized agencies and organizations, as well as regional organizations, to support and assist the Palestinian people in the early realization of its right to self-determination and to actively pursue steps to ensure full implementation of the advisory opinion and of all relevant United Nations resolutions.”

GA Resolution was endorsed by Amnesty International which stated inter alia that Israel must implement the resolution by ending its unlawful occupation of all Palestinian territories.  

The 12 months period stipulated by the General Assembly for Israel to end its illegal occupation expires on 18 September 2025.  The situation is graver than it was in September 2024.  Tens of thousands of Palestinians have been killed, the terror and murderous violence of the Zionist settlers against Palestinian peasants has become critical.  

Accordingly, we call for immediate action by the General Assembly and endorse the conclusions of former UN official Craig Mokhiber, who served as Chief of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights at UN Headquarters in New York. In a paper published on 27 August 2025 Mokhiber argued that the General Assembly should adopt a pertinent resolution under Uniting for Peace, which should

1.     Call on all states to adopt comprehensive sanctions and a military embargo against the Israeli regime. While it lacks the power to enforce sanctions, it can call them, monitor them, and supplement them as required.

2.     Decide to reject the UNGA credentials of Israel, as the UNGA did in the case of apartheid South Africa.

3.     Mandate an accountability mechanism (like a criminal tribunal) to address Israeli war crimes, crimes against humanity, apartheid, and genocide.

4.     Reactivate the UN’s long-dormant anti-apartheid mechanisms to address Israeli apartheid, and

5. Mandate an armed, multinational, UN protection force to deploy to Gaza (and, ultimately, to the West Bank), acting at the request of the State of Palestine, to protect civilians, open entry points via land and sea, facilitate humanitarian aid, preserve evidence of Israeli crimes, and assist in recovery and reconstruction.

These actions can be adopted by the UNGA with a two-thirds majority, thereby circumventing the U.S. veto in the Security Council. Most importantly, as affirmed by recent ICJ rulings. Israel would have no legal right to refuse or obstruct a GA mandated mission. In its Advisory Opinions the ICJ has already held that Israel has no authority, no sovereignty, and no rights in Gaza or in the West Bank.

In this context we recall that UN Security Council Resolution 2735 specifically “Rejects any attempt at demographic or territorial change in the Gaza Strip, including any actions that reduce the territory of Gaza.”  Demographic manipulation in prohibited by international humanitarian law, specifically by article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Red Cross Convention of 1949.  It is obvious that any purported “annexation” of Gaza by Israel is illegal and contrary to numerous international law norms and treaties.  Even if  President Trump were to recognize the “annexation” of Gaza by Israel, such recognition would have no validity in international law and UN member states would be under an obligation to refrain from recognizing the illegal use of force by Israel.

Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have long argued that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. This determination has been strengthened by the adoption of a pertinent resolution on 31 August 2025 by the International Association of Genocide Scholars, declaring “ that Israel’s policies and actions in Gaza meet the legal definition of genocide in Article II of the United Nations Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948)… that Israel’s policies and actions in Gaza constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity as defined in international humanitarian law and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.  The resolution further “calls upon the government of Israel to immediately cease all acts that constitute genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity against Palestinians in Gaza, including deliberate attacks against and killing of civilians including children; starvation; deprivation of humanitarian aid, water, fuel, and other items essential to the survival of the population; sexual and reproductive violence; and forced displacement of the population; Calls upon the government of Israel to comply with the Provisional Measures orders of the International Court of Justice… [and] Calls upon the state parties of the International Criminal Court to comply with their obligations, cooperate with the Court, and surrender any individual subject to an arrest warrant [and] Calls upon all states to actively pursue policies to ensure respect for their obligations under international law, including under the Genocide Convention, the Arms Trade Treaty and international humanitarian law, with regards to Israel and Palestine”.  

The ongoing genocide in Gaza and the systematic violation of ICJ orders by Israel (South Africa v. Israel), and of ICJ Advisory Opinions constitute a challenge to the authority and credibility of the United Nations justifying the expulsion of Israel from membership in the United Nations pursuant to Article 6 of the UN Charter, which stipulates:

A Member of the United Nations who has persistently violated the Principles contained in the present Charter may be expelled from the Organization by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council.

At the very least, the General Assembly should adopt a resolution excluding Israel from participation in the General Assembly.  This can be done by denying accreditation to Israeli diplomats, as was done in 1974 with regard to the diplomats of the South African Apartheid regime that had similarly refused to honour pertinent Security Council and General Assembly resolutions. 

While the world welcomes the 80^th anniversary of the entry into force of the UN Charter on 24 October 1945, not all states are living up to their obligations and many continue to flaunt decisions and resolutions of the General Assembly and Security Council. The abuse of the veto power by the United States – more than 45 vetoes to shield Israel from the consequences of its crimes – makes evident the urgency to reform the Security Council, and the necessity to hold accountable all States that become complicit in the Gaza genocide.

The authority and credibility of the Organization depends on enforcement.  Yet, the United Nations can only be as strong as the nations that comprise it.  Its effectiveness rests on the good faith and political will of its members. 

If the international community allows states to ignore the rulings of the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, if States are allowed to breach the UN Charter and the 1948 Genocide Convention without suffering any adverse consequences, we and our children will have to endure perpetual wars and desolation.  Civil society calls on States to return to the spirit of the UN Charter and to the spirituality of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. It is up to us to save not only Palestinian lives – but also our civilization!

Alfred de Zayas is a law professor at the Geneva School of Diplomacy and served as a UN Independent Expert on International Order 2012-18. He is the author of twelve books including “Building a Just World Order” (2021) “Countering Mainstream Narratives” 2022, and “The Human Rights Industry” (Clarity Press, 2021).

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Alfred de Zayas@Alfreddezayas

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Alfred de Zayas@Alfreddezayas

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Nerdeen Kiswani@NerdeenKiswani

Dana family@Dana_family_

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PALESTINE ONLINE @OnlinePalEng

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‘We took the gloves off’: ex-IDF chief confirms Gaza casualties over 200,000

(https://www.theguardian.com/world/2025/sep/12/israeli-ex-commander-confirms-palestinian-casualties-are-more-than-200000?

Former army chief of staff Herzi Halevi (r) in Gaza in 2023. His tally of killed and injured Palestinians is close to that of Gaza’s health ministry. Photograph: Israel Defense Forces/Reuters

Retired general Herzi Halevi says ‘not once’ had legal advice constrained Israel’s military decisions in the strip

Julian Borger in Jerusalem

Fri 12 Sep 2025

The retired general told a community meeting in southern Israel earlier this week that more than 10% of Gaza’s 2.2 million population had been killed or injured – “more than 200,000 people”. That estimate is notable as it is close to the current figures provided by Gaza’s health ministry, which Israeli officials have frequently dismissed as Hamas propaganda, though the ministry figures have been deemed reliable by international humanitarian agencies.

The current official toll is 64,718 Palestinians killed in Gaza and 163,859 injured, since the start of the war on 7 October 2023. Many thousands more are feared dead, with their bodies buried in the rubble. At least 40 people were reported killed on Friday in Israeli strikes, mostly around Gaza City.

The Gaza ministry statistics do not distinguish between civilians and fighters, but leaked Israeli military intelligence data on casualties until May this year suggested that more than 80% of the dead were civilians.

About 1,200 people were killed in the original 7 October Hamas attack, which ignited the war, of whom 815 were Israeli and foreign civilians.

“This isn’t a gentle war. We took the gloves off from the first minute. Sadly not earlier,” Halevi said, suggesting the Israel should have taken a tougher line in Gaza before the 7 October attack.

The former commander was talking on Tuesday night to residents of Ein HaBesor moshav (agricultural cooperative), who succeeded in repelling the Hamas attackers two years ago. A recording of his remarks was published by the Ynet news website.

“No one is working gently,” Halevi said, but insisted the IDF operates within the constraints of international humanitarian law. That claim has been repeated throughout the war by Israeli officials, who have said that military lawyers are involved in operational decisions.

However, Halevi denied that legal advice had ever affected his or his immediate subordinates’ military decisions in Gaza or across the Middle East.

“Not once has anyone restricted me. Not once. Not the military AG [advocate general Yifat Tomer-Yerushalmi] who, by the way, hasn’t the authority to restrict me,” he said.

In a quote that was not on the recording but was cited by Ynet, Halevi appeared to suggest that the main importance of Israel’s military lawyers was to convince the outside world of the legality of the IDF’s actions.

“There are legal advisers who say: We will know how to defend this legally in the world, and this is very important for the state of Israel,” he is quoted as saying.

The IDF was approached for comment on Halevi’s remarks about the death toll and the role of military lawyers, but had not replied by Friday evening.

Michael Sfard, an Israeli human rights lawyer, said Halevi’s remarks “confirm that the legal advisers serve as rubber stamps”.

“The generals see them as ‘regular’ advisers whose advice one can adopt or dismiss, not as professional lawyers whose legal positions present the boundaries of what is permissible and what is prohibited,” Sfard said.

On Wednesday, the Haaretz newspaper reported that Halevi’s successor as IDF chief of staff, Eyal Zamir, had ignored Tomer-Yerushalmi’s legal advice. The advocate general had reportedly said that the displacement orders to an estimated 1 million Gaza City residents to leave before an IDF offensive should be postponed until there were facilities in southern Gaza to receive them.

Many of the 40 Palestinian victims of Friday’s Israeli strikes appeared to have been people who were unable to move south, or unwilling to abandon their homes or shelters to risk of going somewhere in Gaza where there was no shelter or protection against Israeli bombing.

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Geure herriari, Euskal Herriari dagokionez, hona hemen gure apustu bakarra:

We Basques do need a real Basque independent State in the Western Pyrenees, just a democratic lay or secular state, with all the formal characteristics of any independent State: Central Bank, Treasury, proper currency¹, out of the European Distopia and faraway from NATO, being a BRICS partner…

Euskal Herriaren independentzia eta Mikel Torka

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Esadazu arren, zer da gu euskaldunok egiten ari garena eta zer egingo dugun

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MTM: Zipriztinak (2), 2025: Warren Mosler

(Pinturak: Mikel Torka)

Gehigarriak:

Zuk ez dakizu ezer Ekonomiaz

MTM klase borrokarik gabe, kontabilitate hutsa da

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