The green growth paradigm has a long tradition – which has never been supportable
(https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=61718
May 2, 2024)
In October 1987, the United Nations published a report – Our Common Future – (aka Brundland Report) which was the work of the then World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) – that was chaird by the then Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. It laid out a multilateral approach to dealing with climate change and establishing a path to sustainable development (growth). While the Report was published by Oxford University Press, you can access it via the UN – HERE. It is the foundation of the more recent ‘green growth’ and ‘green new deal’ movements that have besotted the progressives in the advanced nations. The problem is that the framework presented implies that we can maintain the capitalist market system with some tweaks and continue prioritising the pursuit of private profit as the main organising principle for resource allocation. I disagree with that approach and my current research is building the case for system change and the abandonment of the ‘growth paradigm’.
The Brundlandt Report defined sustainable development as:
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
It was written nearly 40 years ago but not much has changed.
The problem with the Report is that we can enjoy an ecologically sustainable future by working through free market systems as long as the government introduces carbon trading schemes – with carbon pricing.
So we continue to allocate resources via the private profit motive and allow the distribution system to be captured as it is today by the elites, and all will be well.
That was the overriding message of the Report.
The Report received early criticism.
In 1998, Helge Ole Bergesen published an article – Reformism Doomed to Failure? A Critical Look at the Strategy Promoted by the Brundtland Commission – in the journal – International Challenges (Vol 8, Issue 2, 6-10) – which introduced the notion of – Green Imperialism – and spawned several books and articles in the following years.
The term was taken to mean the tendency of the rich, advanced nations to tell poor developing nations what their environmental goals and strategies should be.
In other words, imposing elite preferences on peoples who are anything but materially advanced.
Helge Ole Bergesen noted the apathy of the global elites to sustained development in the Global South in the 1970s and after:
Such arguments fell on deaf ears through the 70s and from the beginning of the 80s they have been rejected in both word and deed. For decision-makers in Washington and London, Africa, or at least the largest part of it, could sink into the ocean without their interests as presently defined being involved. Why should the misery of the Third World be any problem to them as long as they can live with rapidly increasing poverty in their own countries apparently without much concern?
And:
… the Western powers have only given minimal concessions which have been necessary to keep the dialogue going – and that has not amounted to many millimetres per year. At the same time they retain firm control over the most important decision-making centres like the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, and over international trade and finance through transnational companies and banks. In their view foreign aid is an instrument of foreign policy which is used to reward friends and punish enemies.
And:
… the issue of capital flight from the Third World has been conspicuously absent in many debt rescheduling operations in the 1980s. While the creditors led by the IMF have insisted on tough adjustment measures within the developing countries, their elites have been allowed to export enormous amounts of dollar.
Helge Ole Bergesen considered then that the Bruntland Report, however well intentioned, was part of a political milieu that was only interesting in serving the interests of the global elites and “the policies of the large Western powers will in principle be dominated by economic liberalism and in practice by narrow political and economic self-interests – basically the same as today.”
It was concluded that:
The political conditions described above will make it very difficult to organize an effective and coordinated international effort in this field in the years to come.
Which is one reason – the most important one – why we are no closer to resolving this issue than we were 25 years ago when Bergesen wrote her article.
Related to ‘green imperialism’ is the practice of ‘eco-colonialism’ and ‘eco-imperialism’ – all referring to the actions by bodies such as the European Union in inflicting economic damage on poorer nations – for example, by boycotting exports – in the name of environmental protection.
The long history of opposition to colonialism had a new frontier.
When the EU banned the imports of Malaysian palm oil for use in European biofuels in 2019, the impact on the plethora of small scale palm farmers in that country was extremely damaging.
From the EU’s perspective, they were acting on reports that the palm oil sector in Malaysia and Indonesia had led to “massive illegal deforestation … by government and big corporations, forcing several species to the brink of extinction” (Source).
But it was one of those often encountered cases where large, multinational corporations and very small, family-run enterprises are involved in the same industry and the deplorable greed of the former leads to sanctions that damage the latter.
In Malaysia, the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) has allocated small allotments to poor farmers to harvest palm oil for export and the impact of the policy was unambiguously beneficial in material terms to the farmers and their families.
The UK Guardian article (April 25, 2018) – How palm oil ban has made the EU a dirty word in Malaysia – reported the small farms:
… account for 40% of Malaysia’s palm oil output and yet none engage in any land-grabbing, the slash and burn or deforestation practices that were pivotal proponent for MEPs voting to ban palm oil in biofuels.
The ban was not well received in Malaysia and FELDA said that:
the Malaysian said that:
It’s the same colonial attitudes, the white man imposing their rule on us from afar … If the EU respect Malaysia as a sovereign country and as a partner in development and trade, they should not put this unfair restriction on us, and instead work with us on environmental concerns. Freezing us out is wrong.
The idea of eco-colonialism has a long history though.
If I walk through the parks of Melbourne, for example, I see Britain and Europe rather than the local flora.
The 1986 book by Alfred Crosby – Ecological Imperialism (book) – documents how “disease microbes, weeds, domesticated plants, and animals – that accompanied Europeans, devastating local populations and significantly re-making local landscapes” were important aspects of the invasion of the Global South by European colonialists.
The ‘green imperialism’ tag also interacts with neoliberal ideology.
Helge Ole Bergesen noted that the global elites since the 1970s had interacted with the Global South via the imposition of ‘economic liberalism’ in ways that would never have underpinned the prosperous development that the advanced nations had undergone in the prior decades.
In a chapter by Anja Nygren – Eco-imperialism and environmental justice – in the book ‘Routledge International Handbook of Social and Environmental Change’ (published 2014) – the author notes the:
… disproportionate impact of environmental degradation on the lives of poor communities and ethnic minorities in the Global South.
She rehearses the common argument that many on the Left are now making that the elite, advanced nations should not impose their environmental preferences on the Global South, especially under the guise of neoliberalism which she calls ‘Northern-driven development models’.
The idea of environmental justice becomes part of the dialogue on sustainability.
The former idea was established well before the the Brundtland Report was published however.
Anja Nygren details how “there is a long history of environmental justice struggles around the world” relating to “environmental justice is only one organizing principle among many issues, including indigenous rights, food security, human rights and democracy.”
But in the current era, “radical environmental activists have become inflexible in their demands for environmental protection and insensitive to the needs of the billions of people who lack food, health-care and other basic necessities.”
And the:
Northern environmental- development models … [have] … caused poverty and suffering in the Global South and … developing countries … [should] … generate sustainable strategies for endogenous development, without dependency on foreign aid.
Her point is that the “Northern capitalist conception of nature produces a view of the natural environment as a realm to be appropriated through commodification and control”.
I have written before how the evolution of neoliberalism has been characterised by the attempt (mostly successful) to turn everything into a labour process producing commodities.
Our leisure activities – sport, wandering through the bush, pedalling cycles etc – are now commodified.
And the mainstream economic approach to the ‘environment’ is similarly commodified – everything has a price, things are transacted, etc.
Related is the concept of – Green Grabbing – which is “foreign land grabbing and appropriation of resources for environmental purposes, resulting in a pattern of unjust development”.
A classic application of this are the carbon credit schemes that progressives think are part of the solution – which involve polluting corporations in the advanced nations marching into sustainable communities in the Global South and creating infrastructure like wind farms etc, that the market system recognises but which devastates the local well-being.
How progressive greens can support ‘market solutions’ in this way is beyond me – but they do and that is part of the problem.
The Brundtland Report approach, of course, has evolved into the ‘Green Growth’ and ‘Green New Deal’ movements, which are now popular among progressive left activists.
These contemporary expressions of the mainstream approach claim that all we need to do is have governments investing in green technologies and enterprises, which would reconfigure the ‘growth paradigm’ into green rather than carbon within the capitalist mode of production.
And more recent statements claim that the governments should provide incentives to the financial markets to create ‘green bonds’, which can fund these transitions.
Even some MMT economists then claim that with all the dislocation that will follow they can solve the unemployment via a Job Guarantee.
As one of the people who introduced the idea of a Job Guarantee into the MMT program I can tell you that it was never intended to be the solution to structural transformations – large or small.
Warren Mosler and I always considered the government should always seek to minimise the size of the Job Guarantee pool at all times.
The point is that we have a major dilemma within the Left.
I sympathise with those of Marxist leanings who rail against the green imperialism of the elites in rich countries, including progressives.
A solution to the climate challenge, if there is one, must include advancing material well-being of the poorest communities – that is, more consumption and material security.
But overall, the globe must break away from the ‘growth paradigm’ and work out ways of surviving with degrowth – less energy consumption, less material usage.
But that pathway is in my view incompatible with the capitalist logic.
Green growth is okay for capitalist ambitions and having the financial sector fund it (read – continue gambling with financial products that do nothing to advance the well-being of the poorest members of our societies) will be a bonanza for the elites – until the climate shifts shut the whole world down.
Degrowth is not going to be okay for those ambitions because it will require the abandonment of the relentless accumulation of capital (in the hands of a few) while the rest of us continue to realise private profits for the few via our mass consumption behaviour.
The question I am researching at the moment is whether we can discuss these matters without recourse to class analysis.
Jason Hickel thinks we can – he claimed that ‘capitalism itself is just a symptom’ and not the real problem.
I disagree and will write more about that in the future.
Conclusion
Once the book with Warren Mosler is done (see yesterday’s blog post for details), my next book (with Dr Louisa Connors) is on degrowth and social change (hopefully out late 2024 or early to mid 2025).
These occasional posts about those issues are just notes that summarise what I am reading and thinking about in that context.
